University of St Andrews

University of St Andrews
Latin: Universitas Sancti Andreae apud Scotos
(University of St Andrew amongst the Scots)
Motto ΑΙΕΝ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΥΕΙΝ (AIEN ARISTEUEIN) (Greek: Ever To Be The Best)
Established 1410–1413
Type Public university
Endowment £34.8 million[1]
Chancellor Sir Menzies Campbell
Rector Kevin Dunion
Principal Dr Louise Richardson
Admin. staff

1,804 (all)[2]

817 (academic)[2]
Students 8,645[3]
Undergraduates 6,760[3]
Postgraduates 1,885[3]
Location St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK
Colours

University of St Andrews

                                 

St Mary's College

                                       

Bute Medical School

                                 

St Leonard's College[4][5]

                                 
Affiliations 1994 Group
Website st-andrews.ac.uk

The University of St Andrews, founded between 1410 and 1413, is the oldest university in Scotland and the third oldest in the English-speaking world. The University is situated in the town of St Andrews, in Fife, on the east coast of Scotland.

The University of St Andrews is a member of the Sutton 13 and the 1994 Group, a small network composed by several universities dedicated to perform intensive research in the United Kingdom. Recent ranking scores compiled by The Independent[6], The Times[7] and The Guardian[8] have consistently placed St Andrews among the top 10 universities in Britain.

Contents

History

The University was founded in 1410 when a charter of incorporation was bestowed upon the Augustinian priory of St Andrews Cathedral. A Papal Bull was issued in 1413 by the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII. A royal charter was granted in 1532.[9] The University grew in size quite rapidly; A pedagogy, St John's College was founded 1418-1430[10] by Robert of Montrose and Lawrence of Lindores, St Salvator's College was established in 1450, St Leonard's College in 1511, and St Mary's College in 1537. St Mary's College was a re-foundation of St Johns College and earlier pedagogy. Some of the early college buildings that are in use today date from this period such as St Salvator's Chapel and St Leonards College chapel and St Mary's College quadrangle. At this time, much of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral.

From the 17th to 19th centuries, the university underwent many changes. Toward the end of the seventeenth century, the university considered and eventually rejected a move to Perth. In 1747, St Salvator's and St Leonard's merged to form the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard.

During the 19th century, student numbers were very low, in the 1870s, the student population was fewer than 150, and perhaps partly in response to this, the university founded University College in Dundee in 1897, which became a centre of medical, scientific and legal excellence. This affiliation ended in 1967 when the college, renamed Queen's College, became a separate and independent institution as the University of Dundee. The loss of teaching facilities for clinical medicine caused the university's Bute Medical School to form a new attachment with the University of Manchester, which was then expanding its clinical medicine intake.

Terms

The university operates an unusual system of two terms. The terms are called Martinmas and Candlemas. The Martinmas term runs from late September until Mid January. There are 12 teaching weeks in this term which all occur before Christmas and then examinations are held after Christmas. After Examinations there is an inter-semester break, known as 'ski-week' and then the new semester begins in early February.[11]

Reputation

View Across St. Salvator's College
UK University Rankings
2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
Times Good University Guide 4th[12] 4th[13] 5th[14] 5th[15] 20th[16] 7th 9th[17]
Guardian University Guide 4th[8] 3rd[18] 5th[19] 4th[20] 43rd[21] 11th[22]
Sunday Times University Guide 5th[23] 5th[23] 6th[23] 10th[23] 14th[24] 14th[25]
Complete University Guide 6th[6] 7th[6] 7th[26] 5th
Daily Telegraph 5th[27]
World Universities
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
QS World University Rankings =87th[28] =83rd[29] =76th[30] =109th[31] =136th[32] 70th[33] N/A
Academic Ranking of World Universities 152–200th[34] 201-302nd[35] 151–202nd[36] 151–200th[37] 203–300th[38] 202–301st[39] 201–250th[40]
Global University Ranking 184-186th[41] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

The independent IpsosMORI National Student Surveys in 2006-2008 commissioned by HEFCE placed it joint third among the UK universities.[42][43] In the Research Assessment Exercise 2001 the University did not received a rating lower than 4 on a grading scale 1-5*, where 5* denotes outstanding international research. The departments of English and Psychology have received a 5*, and 72% of staff across the university received a 5 or 5* rating.[44] Furthermore, The Philosophical Gourmet report ranked St Andrews' joint graduate programme in philosophy with Stirling University second in the UK in 2006.[45]

The latest national Research Assessment Exercise (RAE 2008) sponsored by the UK government, The Times, Guardian and The Independent ranked St Andrews as 16th by grade point average and quality index across the units of assessment it submitted.[46]

Nearly 86% of its graduates obtain a First Class or an Upper Second Class Honours degree.[47]. The ancient Scottish universities award Master of Arts degrees (except for science students who are awarded a Bachelor of Science degree) which are classified upon graduation, in contrast to Oxbridge where one becomes a Master of Arts after a certain number of years, and the rest of the UK, where graduates are awarded BAs.

The latest UCAS figures show that there are generally 10 applications per undergraduate place available, and the University has not entered Clearing since 2003. The standard offer of a place tends to require five best Highers equivalent to AAABB, or three best A-levels equivalent to AAB[48], or a score of 34-38 points on the International Baccalaureate.[49]. This results in average 455 UCAS points for St Andrews and puts it as number 8th in the country in terms of entry requirements (after Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial College, LSE, Durham, Warwick and UCL).[50]

The university has a widening participation policy; however, the university has one of the smallest percentages of students (13%) from lower income backgrounds, out of all higher education institutions in the UK.[51][52] Intake from Independent schools in England is high (around 40%).[53] At the same time, the average price for accommodation for students at St Andrews is more than that for students at any other university in Scotland.[54]

Traditions

Gowns

Students in the snow.

One of the most conspicuous traditions at St Andrews is the wearing of academic dress, particularly the distinctive red undergraduate gown of the United College. Undergraduates in Arts and Science subjects can be seen wearing these garments at the installation of a Rector or Chancellor, at chapel services, on 'Pier Walks', at formal hall dinners, at meetings of the Union Debating Society, or giving tours to prospective students and visitors as well as on St Andrews day, where recently many students wear their gown throughout the entire day. Divinity students wear a black undergraduate gown. (See Academic dress of the University of St Andrews.) It is considered bad luck to wear the gown when one is not a matriculated student, such an event is said to result in a similar curse as stepping on the Patrick Hamilton cobbles, the only cure for which is the May Dip.

Raisin Weekend

Raisin Weekend is the highlight of the social calendar at the University. Held annually over the last weekend of November, first years are entertained by their academic parents, normally consisting of a tea party thrown by the mothers and then a tour of pubs conducted by the fathers. This culminates in a shaving foam fight on the Monday morning in quad of St Salvator's College.

The "cursed" cobblestone initials outside St Salvators College chapel.

Cobblestones

Situated around the town of St Andrews are cobblestone markings denoting where Protestant martyrs were burnt at the stake. To students, the most notable of these is the cobblestone initials "PH" located outside the main gate of St Salvator's College. These cobblestones denote where Patrick Hamilton was martyred in 1528. According to student tradition, stepping on the "PH" will cause a student to become cursed, with the effect that the offender will fail his or her degree and so students are known to jump over the cobblestones when passing. Aside from the May Dip, an older tradition is that the remedy for this is to walk three times round the post at the end of the pier. Other, less superstitious, students pointedly do step on it to prove the tradition incorrect. It is not uncommon for graduates to deliberately step on the cobbles immediately after receiving their degree, as a celebration of having escaped the curse during their undergraduate study.

May Dip

The May Dip is a student tradition held annually at dawn on May Day. Students stay awake until dawn, at which time they collectively run into the North Sea to the sound of madrigals sung by the University Madrigal Group. The May Dip is also traditionally the only way of removing the curse inflicted by stepping on the PH cobbles. If a student is to step on the stones he/she can be forgiven if on the dawn of the first of May, they run into the North Sea.

Kate Kennedy procession

The annual Kate Kennedy procession is the Kate Kennedy Club's main event. Club members dress up in Period outfits and ride down Market street in horse-drawn carriages.

Governance and administration

The "Gateway" building, built in 2000 and now used for the University's Management department

As with the other Ancient universities of Scotland, governance is determined by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858. This Act created three bodies: the General Council, University Court and Academic Senate (Senatus Academicus).

General Council

The General Council is a standing advisory body of all the graduates, academics and former academics of the University. It meets twice a year and appoints a Business Committee to transact business between these meetings. Its most important functions are to appoint two Assessors to the University Court and elect the University Chancellor.

University Court

The University Court is the body responsible for administrative and financial matters, and is in effect the governing body of the University. It is chaired by the Rector, who is elected by all the matriculated students of the University. Members are appointed by the General Council, Academic Senate and Fife Council. The President of the Students' Representative Council and Director of Representation are ex officio members of the Court. Several lay members are also co-opted and must include a fixed number of alumni of the University.

Senatus Academicus

The Academic Senate (Latin Senatus Academicus) is the supreme academic body for the University. Its members include all of the Professors of the University, certain senior Readers, a number of Senior Lecturers and Lecturers and three elected student Senate Representatives - one from the Arts / Divinity faculty, one from the Science / Medicine faculty and one postgraduate student. It is responsible for authorising degree programmes and issuing all degrees to graduates. Another function of the Senate is to discipline students. The President of the Senate is the University Principal.

Faculties

The University of St Andrews Classics Building, Swallowgate

The University is divided into four academic Faculties:

Each is governed by a Faculty Council and administered by a Dean. Students apply to become members of a particular faculty, as opposed to any particular school or department.

Number of students by faculty

Academic Year 2005/2006 [1]:

Faculty Undergraduate Postgraduate
Arts 3,582 604
Divinity 48 50
Medicine 419 7
Science 1,731 367
Total 5,780 1,028

Departments

Department of Social Anthropology at St Andrews

http://ch-www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ The School of Chemistry was founded in 1811 and has undergone rapid development and improvement over the past decade. In the 2008 RAE Chemistry was ranked 4th for quality in the UK and as a consequence of its joint submission with Edinburgh chemistry it was ranked 1st in the 'power rating'. Currently The School of Chemistry has 35 academic staff, over 120 PhD students, and 80 postdoctoral research workers with outstanding research in synthesis (e.g. selenium chemistry, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woollins_reagent carbenes, fluorocarbons) energy storage and conversion (fuel cells and lightweight batteries) X-ray crystallography (e.g. robotic chemical crystallography), biological chemistry and surface science. The current Head of School is Derek Woollins.

Office of the Principal

The Principal is the chief executive of the University and is assisted in that role by several key officers.

The current composition of the Office of the Principal is:

Deans of the Faculties

The Deans are academics appointed by the Master of the United College to oversee the day to day runnings of each faculty. They were once elected by their constituents but this was changed to appointment in 2005

The current Deans are:

Student Residence Halls

St Andrews is characterised amongst Scottish Universities as having a significant number of students in University operated accommodation. Approximately half of the overall student population live 'in Hall'. All are now co-educational and non-smoking. Residences include:

Former residences

In addition to the residences listed above, the University formerly also had the following residences:

and West Park, which was pulled down to make way for the Students' Union building, built in the 1970s.

The University guarantees every student a place of accommodation. For this reason, when 400 extra students joined for the 2008/09 academic year, the university had to rent out flats in the previously sold Hepburn Hall to accommodate the rise in student numbers.

Notable alumni

St Salvator's Quadrangle during the Raisin Weekend foam fight

See also Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews

Arts & Media

Philosophers, Academia & Education

Business & Law

Politics & Public Affairs

Religion, Church & Theology

Royalty

Sciences

Other

Famous Rectors

1922, Field Marshal Haig (centre), Chancellor of the University, with author J. M. Barrie new Rector of the university

In Scotland, the position of Rector exists in the four ancient universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh) - as well as in the University of Dundee. The post (officially Lord Rector, but by normal use Rector alone) was made an integral part of these universities by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889. The Rector of the University of St Andrews chairs meetings of the University Court, the governing body of the university, and is elected at regular intervals by the matriculated student body

Links with the United States

The University has a strong link with the United States. Significant numbers of students matriculate from the United States. Many important American figures (and emigrants to the United States) from Scotland have been associated with the university:

Signatories of the Declaration of Independence

Also, three of the signatories of the 1776 American Declaration of Independence attended or received degrees from St Andrews, including:

Wilson attended three Scottish Universities including St Andrews, but did not earn a degree from any of them. Carrying important letters of introduction, Wilson arrived in the US in 1765. He became a Latin tutor at Philadelphia College (now the University of Pennsylvania), and successfully petitioned that institution to grant him an honorary Master of Arts.[56]

Witherspoon had an impressive list of credentials and was a significant public figure. He was president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). Witherspoon was largely responsible for converting the institution into a success by employing Scottish educational standards. He received his Master of Arts, Bachelor of Divinity, and was made a Doctor of Divinity at the University of St Andrews.

In 1759 Franklin received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of St Andrews.

Exchange Programmes

Emory University in Atlanta runs an exchange programme with St Andrews called the Bobby Jones Scholars programme, which allows for recent graduates of both universities to study at the other university. In addition, the School of Physics and Astronomy maintains a postgraduate exchange with The Georgia Institute of Technology. Both of these exchanges are funded by the Robert T. Jones Memorial Trust. The Robert Lincoln McNeil Scholarship is run in conjunction with the University of Pennsylvania. One of the largest exchanges is with the University of California, and students are routinely sent to Berkeley, UCLA, and UCSD. The School of International Relations and the School of Modern Languages also oversee an undergraduate student exchange with Sciences Po in Paris.

University of St Andrews

Any alumnus, student or staff member can wear a scarf of dark blue, sky blue and white:[4][5]

                                 

University of St Andrews

                                       

St Mary's College

                                 

Bute Medical School

                                 

St Leonard's College (Postgraduate)

Student organisations

St Salvator's Chapel viewed from North Street.

Students' Association

The University of St Andrews Students' Association is the organisation which represents the student body of the University of St Andrews. The Association was instituted in 1983 under the Constitution and Laws of the University of St Andrews Students’ Association.[57] It comprises the Students' Representative Council (SRC), established in 1885 and legally defined under the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889,[58] and the Students' Union (which was itself a merger of the Students' Union and the Women's Union). The Students' Association is registered with the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator as charity SCO19883[59]

The Students' Association Building (colloquially known as the Union) is located on St Mary's Place, St Andrews. External bodies operating in the building include a Blackwells bookshop and the University's Student Support Services. The Students' Association is affiliated to, and indeed a founding member of, the Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland (CHESS) and is not a member of the National Union of Students.

The Students' Association receives a maintenance grant from the University, which stood at £159,000 GBP for the academic year 2004-2005.[57]

The Students' Association is headed up by four sabbatical officers. Currently they are Andrew Keenan (Association President), Georgina Rannard (Director of Representation), Phil Pass (Director of Events and Services) and Matthew Guest (Director of Student Development and Activities).

Societies

Students at the university form various voluntary societies for academic, social, artistic, political, religious and other purposes. Many of these are affiliated with the Students' Association, such as the University of St Andrews Union Debating Society and the Just So Society which recently put on the controversial musical 'Jerry Springer: The Opera' which attracted both protesters and national press attention[60]. Among the most recently affiliated societies there is The Sandclock Society. Other groups are not affiliated to the University or the Students Association, and therefore not a part of the University structure. Notable independent student groups include the Global Investment Group, the International Politics Association, The Psychology Society, The Philosophy Society, Left Society and The Regulus.

The university's Music Society comprises many student-run musical groups, including the University's main symphony orchestra, wind band, and chorus. They also organise their own series of weekly lunchtime recitals. Musical groups at the university also include several choirs, among them the University's St Salvator's Chapel Choir, St Leonard's Chapel Choir, St Salvator's Chapel Chamber Choir as well as the student-run Madrigal Group.

Students and Staff from the University of St Andrews are developing the unique Project Zambia. Piloted in 2009, the project is now embedded in the work of the Department of Sport and Exercise and the Student Experience Office in the University of St Andrews. Students are recruited from two sections of the University's student body: top performance athletes are chosen for their commitment to sport, while students who have shown commitment to pastoral volunteering, aiding their fellow students, are chosen to extend their experience in the caring professions.The students, and staff seeking professional development, travel to Zambia to live and work in the communities, schools and orphanages for the summer months in conjunction with the Zambian organisation 'Sport In Action'.

Athletic Union

The University of St Andrews Athletic Union is the Student representative body for sport.

Media

See also

References

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  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/publications/univ_statistics.shtml#StaffNumbers
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Table 0a - All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2005/06". Higher Education Statistics Agency online statistics. http://www.hesa.ac.uk/holisdocs/pubinfo/student/institution0506.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-05. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Online Catalogue > University Branded Clothing > Hats, Scarves, Ties > Scarves". University of St Andrews Students' Association Shop. http://www.yourunionshop.net/acatalog/Scarves.html. Retrieved 2007-04-06. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Scarves of the University of St Andrews". http://www.netsoc.tcd.ie/~peterh/scarves/standrews/. Retrieved 2007-04-06. 
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  9. ↑  "University of Saint Andrews". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
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  11. ↑ http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/semesterdates/
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  20. ↑ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian (London). http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=0&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=GuardianTeachingScore&Subject=University+ranking&Institution=. Retrieved 2007-10-29. 
  21. ↑ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian (London). http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education/2006?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=40&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=GuardianTeachingScore&Subject=Institution-wide&Institution=. Retrieved 2007-10-29. 
  22. ↑ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian (London). http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,,-5163901,00.html?start=10&index=3&index=3. Retrieved 2007-10-29. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "The Sunday Times Good University Guide League Tables". The Sunday Times (London). http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug/universityguide.php. Retrieved 2009-09-13. 
  24. ↑ "The Sunday Times University League Table" (PDF). The Sunday Times (London). http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug2006/stug2006.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  25. ↑ "University ranking based on performance over 10 years" (PDF). London: Times Online. 2007. http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/pdfs/univ07ten.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-28. 
  26. ↑ "The Independent University League Table". The Independent (London). 2008-04-24. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/the-main-league-table-2009-813839.html. Retrieved 2010-05-27. 
  27. ↑ "University league table". The Daily Telegraph (London). 2007-07-30. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=HXFCSGXMNVABTQFIQMFCFGGAVCBQYIV0?xml=/news/2007/07/30/ncambs430.xml. Retrieved 2007-10-29. 
  28. ↑ http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2009/results
  29. ↑ "THES - QS World University Rankings 2007". THES. http://www.topuniversities.com/university_rankings/results/2008/overall_rankings/fullrankings/. Retrieved 2008-09-04. 
  30. ↑ "THES - QS World University Rankings 2007". THES. http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/overall_top_200_full_details/. Retrieved 2008-09-04. 
  31. ↑ "THES - QS World University Rankings 2006". THES. http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/overall_top_200_full_details/. Retrieved 2008-09-04. 
  32. ↑ "THES - QS World University Rankings 2005". THES. http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2005/top_200_universities/. Retrieved 2008-09-04. 
  33. ↑ "THES - QS World University Rankings 2005". THES. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=153. Retrieved 2008-09-04. 
  34. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2009". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2009_2.jsp. Retrieved 2009-11-02. 
  35. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro(EN).htm. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 
  36. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2007". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2007/ARWU2007FullListByRank.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  37. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006FULLLIST-BY%20RANK%20(PDF).pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  38. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2005". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2005/ARWU2005FullList2.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  39. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2004". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2004/top500(1-100).pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  40. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2003". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2003/top101.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  41. ↑ http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/images/banners/top-200(eng).pdf
  42. ↑ The Guardian (London). http://education.guardian.co.uk/students/table/0,,1857547,00.html. Retrieved 2010-05-27. 
  43. ↑ http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/single.htm?ipg=6573
  44. ↑ "Research at St Andrews: RAE 2001". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~rsrchweb/rae/rae_2001.shtml. 
  45. ↑ "Overall Rankings". http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/overall.asp. 
  46. ↑ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/lse-beats-oxford-and-cambridge-to-become-best-research-centre-1202324.html
  47. ↑ http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/single.htm?ipg=8726
  48. ↑ http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/single.htm?ipg=6573
  49. ↑ http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/admissions/ug/Entryrequirements/
  50. ↑ http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/single.htm?ipg=8726
  51. ↑ http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/pdfs/stug09/mostmiddleclass.pdf
  52. ↑ "Access agenda is now back on track". The Times. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=209682&sectioncode=26. Retrieved 25 November 2008. 
  53. ↑ http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/pdfs/stug09/loweststateschoolintake.pdf
  54. ↑ "Cost of students’ rent soars to record levels". The Scotsman. http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2422057.0.cost_of_students_rent_soars_to_record_levels.php. Retrieved 25 November 2008. 
  55. ↑ "RAE 2008". http://www.rae.ac.uk/Submissions/submission.aspx?id=182&type=hei&subid=584. 
  56. ↑ "Bio on James Wilson". Pennsylvania Center for the Book, University Libraries of Penn State University. http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Wilson__James.html. Retrieved 2009-01-03. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 University of St Andrews (24 January 2006). "Publication Scheme – Category 13 – Class: Relationship with Students’ Association". Press release. http://foi.st-andrews.ac.uk/PublicationScheme/servlet/core.generator.gblobserv?id=367. Retrieved 2007-07-23. 
  58. ↑ "Ministry of Justice - Universities (Scotland) Act 1889". http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Universities+(Scotland)+Act&Year=1889&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=1061283&ActiveTextDocId=1061283&filesize=70634. 
  59. ↑ "Extract from the Scottish Charity Register maintained by OSCR". http://www.oscr.org.uk/CharityIndexDetails.aspx?id=19883. 
  60. ↑ http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2503033.0.Christian_activists_target_Springer_in_St_Andrews.php
  61. ↑ http://jamescrichtonsociety.webs.com/index.htm
  62. ↑ http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~philsoc/journal.htm
  63. ↑ [1]
  64. ↑ [2]

Sources

External links

The 1994 Group of research-led British universities

Bath • Birkbeck • Durham • East Anglia • Essex • Exeter • Goldsmiths College • Institute of Education • Lancaster • Leicester • Loughborough • Queen Mary • Reading • Royal Holloway • School of Oriental and African Studies • St Andrews • Surrey • Sussex • York